武侯祠无疑是激活三国文化记忆的最佳遗迹。
武侯祠,天府之国十大文化地标之一。说到成都,不能不提三国,三国时期仅短短几十年,但于弘扬儒家文化的地区,影响深远。武侯祠,无疑是激活三国文化记忆的最佳遗迹。
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武侯祠,原成都南郊公园,武侯祠正门,你能看到的却是“汉昭烈庙”四个大字。汉昭烈庙是祭祀刘备的地方,原武侯祠修建于成都少城内,世代成都人民感念诸葛亮的勤政爱民,时时到武侯祠中凭吊,武侯祠香火旺盛,而汉昭烈庙和后主祠却门可罗雀。最重大的变革发生在明洪武年间,朱元璋第十一子朱椿也许是因为武侯祠人气太旺,臣子有僭越之嫌,也或许是觉得几个地方过于分散,不便于拜祭,遂拆除少城内的武侯祠,将诸葛亮塑像搬到刘备塑像的东边,关羽、张飞塑像放至刘备塑像西边,这样一来:惠陵、汉昭烈庙、武侯祠就合而为一。不过,人民的爱总是深沉的,人民对于诸葛亮的忠君爱民、智慧无双,无比敬仰,于是历代人民仍然习惯把这里称为武侯祠,而不是汉昭烈庙。
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武侯祠门前青灰照壁,按照传统风水理论,照壁的作用是挡风、辟邪、带来吉祥。照壁两旁两尊明代石狮气势雄伟。
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大门与二门之间,青石板甬道两侧,分别是唐碑和明碑。唐碑立于唐元和四年(公元809年),剑南西川节度使裴度受命撰写《蜀丞相诸葛武侯祠堂碑》,由著名书法家柳公绰书丹上石,蜀中最著名的刻工鲁建镌刻。石碑文、书、刻俱佳。后人遂将诸葛亮功绩、裴度文章、柳公绰的书法并称为“三绝碑”
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明碑,全名《诸葛武侯祠堂碑记》。碑文为明四川巡抚张时彻撰写。
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二门匾额“明良千古”,寓“明君良弼,千古垂范”,意即像刘备这样的明君和诸葛亮这样的良臣,可以作为千秋万代的楷模。
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“丞相祠堂何处寻,锦官城外柏森森”,柏树是武侯祠一个重要标志,当初为刘备修建惠陵与汉昭烈庙时,诸葛亮亲自带人在此遍植柏树。诸葛亮亲自栽种的那些柏树,被后人神化,摘下叶子回去治病。明嘉靖年间,为修建乾清宫,少司马冯清入蜀选取上等木材,选中武侯祠的柏树,正当要砍树之时,一群乌鸦突然出现,攻击冯清和随从,冯清只好放弃。对这样一颗神奇的柏树,老百姓自发保护,据陆游记载:唐代一位节度使处于对古柏的喜爱,砍下一节树枝,制成记事用的手板,他的行为被严厉批评。历经岁月,武侯祠的柏树一次次栽种、枯死,那株神奇的柏树已不见踪影,但后人仍不断增种柏树,以延续武侯祠的传统。
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二门内侧西壁署名是宋代名将岳飞所书的诸葛亮《出师表》,在题跋中记载,岳飞拜谒南阳武侯祠,夜里秉烛参观祠内历代名流称赞诸葛亮的诗词文赋,不觉泪湿战袍。天明题字,出师表一气呵成。
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从二门往北走,你会觉得庄严肃穆,因为你在走向一个帝王(刘备殿),刘备像塑于康熙十一年,两耳过肩、身材高大,一派福相。刘备像的东后侧,是刘备之孙刘諶的塑像。之所以没有刘禅的塑像,是因为人们认为他不配入享太庙。
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东殿为关羽殿,关羽殿门楣上是“义薄云天”四个大字,关羽塑像,不像一个武将,更像一个帝王。世人甚至将关羽推崇到孔子的高度。从古至今,没有哪一个武将,能够像关羽一样,成为上至帝王,下至百姓,甚至草寇强盗共同顶礼膜拜的偶像。
西殿为张飞殿,匾额是“诚贯金石”
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刘备殿前东西廊,有文臣武将塑像28尊,文臣以庞统为首,武将以赵云领先。
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诸葛亮生前封为武乡侯,死后谥忠武侯,因而几年他的祠堂均名为“武侯祠”,出刘备殿,石阶之下是挂有“武侯祠”的过厅,很难会遇到这个地方没有游人,天南地北的人心怀敬仰来到这里瞻仰诸葛亮。门额上“名垂宇宙”为果亲王允礼所书,两边柱子前后挂满前人留下的匾额。晴天时游人摩肩接踵,这样冬日寒冷的清晨,依然有人一早就认认真真来来回回诵读。
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孔明殿最高的乌木大梁上,镌刻“澹泊明志,宁静致远”八个金字。诸葛亮在《诫子书》中讲“非澹泊无以明志,非宁静无以致远”,这一名言对后世影响很大,历代许多宫殿、书屋多以“静远”命名。
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殿内诸葛亮塑像,手持羽扇,“运筹帷幄之内,决胜千里之外”的镇定。诸葛瞻和诸葛尚父子塑像立在左右两侧,一门三代,“鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已”为国尽忠,令人感怀。
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晴天时游人摩肩接踵,这样冬日清晨冷冽的寒气中,依然有人一早就认认真真来来回回诵读。
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东厢的木刻《出师表》,整个武侯祠我最喜欢的地方。
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明代香炉置于孔明殿前,殿左右两角,分别为钟楼和鼓楼
孔明殿后墙上镌刻大量珍稀石刻。
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孔明殿之后即是三义殿
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桃园
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刘备、张飞、关羽石刻像
沿着三义殿前的石板小路,进入园林、盆景区
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武侯祠往惠陵,可以从园林区过去,也可以从孔明殿前往,其中必经之路红墙翠竹,冬日暖阳之下,惊人的美。过往行人常停步拍摄。
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穿过美轮美奂的红墙之路,到达惠陵,
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穿过美轮美奂的红墙之路,即是惠陵
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惠陵门外
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隔叶黄鹂空好音,映阶碧色自春色。文创中心,很多四川文化特色小商品
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紧邻的锦里,一条仿古街区。杜甫诗云“锦里烟尘外,江村八九家”,如今人气很旺,可能因为不仅是商业街区,同时还能感受到浓郁的三国文化氛围。
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